3 results
Contributors
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- By Aviva Abosch, Nazanin Baradaran, Ferdinand Binkofski, Richard Camicioli, Alain Dagher, Janet Dubinsky, Uzay E. Emir, Cecile Gallea, Noam Harel, Andreas Hartmann, Bernhard Haslinger, Isabelle Iltis, Jozef Jarosz, Keith A. Josephs, Stephane Lehericy, Elan D. Louis, Silvia Mangia, W. R. Wayne Martin, Martin J. McKeown, Shalom Michaeli, Christoph Mueller, Gülin Öz, Cyril Poupon, Kathrin Reetz, Michael Samuel, Michael Schocke, Norbert Schuff, Klaus Seppi, Hiral Shah, Alison Simioni, Paul Tuite, Tobias Wächter, Gregor K. Wenning, Jennifer L. Whitwell, Yulia Worbe
- Edited by Paul Tuite, University of Minnesota, Alain Dagher
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- Book:
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Movement Disorders
- Published online:
- 05 October 2013
- Print publication:
- 10 October 2013, pp vi-viii
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Chapter 24 - Policies for the Energy Technology Innovation System (ETIS)
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- By Arnulf Grubler, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria and Yale University, Francisco Aguayo, El Colegio de México, Kelly Gallagher, Tufts University, Marko Hekkert, Utrecht University, Kejun Jiang, Energy Research Institute, Lynn Mytelka, United Nations University-MERIT, Lena Neij, Lund University, Gregory Nemet, University of Wisconsin, Charlie Wilson, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Per Dannemand Andersen, Technical University of Denmark, Leon Clarke, University of Maryland, Laura Diaz Anadon, Harvard University, Sabine Fuss, International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, Martin Jakob, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Daniel Kammen, University of California, Ruud Kempener, Harvard University, Osamu Kimura, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Bernadette Kiss, Lund University, Anastasia O'Rourke, Big Room Inc., Robert N. Schock, World Energy Council, UK and Center for Global Security Research, Paulo Teixeira de Sousa, Jr., Federal University Mato Grosso, Leena Srivastava, The Energy and Resources Institute
- Global Energy Assessment Writing Team
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- Book:
- Global Energy Assessment
- Published online:
- 05 September 2012
- Print publication:
- 27 August 2012, pp 1665-1744
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Summary
Executive Summary
Innovation and technological change are integral to the energy system transformations described in the Global Energy Assessment (GEA) pathways. Energy technology innovations range from incremental improvements to radical breakthroughs and from technologies and infrastructure to social institutions and individual behaviors. This Executive Summary synthesizes the main policy-relevant findings of Chapter 24. Specific positive policy examples or key takehome messages are highlighted in italics.
The innovation process involves many stages – from research through to incubation, demonstration, (niche) market creation, and ultimately, widespread diffusion. Feedbacks between these stages influence progress and likely success, yet innovation outcomes are unavoidably uncertain. Innovations do not happen in isolation; interdependence and complexity are the rule under an increasingly globalized innovation system. Any emphasis on particular technologies or parts of the energy system, or technology policy that emphasizes only particular innovation stages or processes (e.g., an exclusive focus on energy supply from renewables, or an exclusive focus on Research and Development [R&D], or feed-in tariffs) is inadequate given the magnitude and multitude of challenges represented by the GEA objectives.
A first, even if incomplete, assessment of the entire global resource mobilization (investments) in both energy supply and demand-side technologies and across different innovation stages suggests current annual Research, Development & Demonstration (RD&D) investments of some US$50 billion, market formation investments (which rely on directed public policy support) of some US$150 billion, and an estimated US$1 trillion to US$5 trillion investments in mature energy supply and end-use technologies (technology diffusion).
Radiocarbon Determination of Particulate Organic Carbon in Non-Temperated, Alpine Glacier Ice
- Peter Steier, Roswitha Drosg, Mariaelenea Fedi, Walter Kutschera, Martin Schock, Dietmar Wagenbach, Eva Maria Wild
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- Journal:
- Radiocarbon / Volume 48 / Issue 1 / 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 July 2016, pp. 69-82
- Print publication:
- 2006
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- Article
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Dating ice samples from glaciers via radiocarbon is a challenge that requires systematic investigations. This work describes an approach for extraction and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C analysis of the particulate organic carbon (POC) fraction in glacier ice samples. Measurements were performed at VERA (Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator) on ice samples obtained mainly from the non-temperated ablation zone of the Grenzgletscher (Grenz Glacier) system (Monte Rosa Massif, Swiss Alps). The samples were obtained from 2 sampling sites situated roughly on a common flow line. The sample masses used were between 0.3 and 1.4 kg of ice, yielding between 18 and 307 μg of carbon as POC. The carbon contamination introduced during sample processing varied between 5.4 and 33 μg C and originated mainly from the quartz filters and the rinsing liquids used in processing. Minimum sample sizes for successful graphitization of CO2 in our laboratory could be reduced to <10 μg carbon, with a background in the graphitization process of ∼0.5 μg of 40-pMC carbon. Evaluation of the whole procedure via 11 Grenzgletscher samples revealed a surprisingly large scatter of pMC values. We obtain a mean calibrated age of 2100 BC to AD 900 (95.4% confidence level), which is not significantly different for the 2 sampling sites. Discussions of these results suggest that single 14C dates of glacial POC are presently of limited significance. Future improvements with respect to analytical precision and sample characterization are proposed in order to fully explore the POC dating potential.